4EmptyFolderProfessional Servicestruetrue-1-1ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.FolderOpentrueSutherland Shire Council - Case Study 2<a href="http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/sutherland.gif" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Implementation</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to assist both Local and State Governments streamline GIS maintenance and improve overall accuracy of all GIS layers using Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Sutherland Shire Council have decided to use ESRI Cadastral Editor software to provide the application framework to manage the Council's cadastre.<br> <br> gViz provided a workshop where existing published data models from State Government, Local Government and ESRI as well as the generic ESRI Cadastral Editor Data Model were reviewed. Following this review process, Council worked with gViz to establish a prototype data model.<br> <br> This prototype data model was then developed as an ESRI Geodatabase and went through an iterative process of development, implementation, review and documentation.<br> <br> Council's existing Cadastral data was then migrated into the Data Model.<br> <br> gViz then developed, documented and trained Council staff in Cadastral Editor workflows, allowing Council to build a coordinated, survey accurate Cadastre as well as maintaining all other cadastral associated layers with the same degree of accuracy and integrity.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5991020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse5970151.059709145674-34.030350630884108.804809570313GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueHornsby Shire Council - Case Study<a href="http://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/hornsby.gif" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Hornsby Shire Council has consistency issues with the Council's GIS cadastral layers, a well known problem in Local Governments or any Government organisation using GIS. How can they manage or improve their Cadastral GIS layers and maintain the relativity to other Council GIS layers with limited personnel? Hornsby Shire's local Government area is one of the largest in Sydney, covering an area of approximately 510 sq. km.<br> <br> The vision for Council was to engage gViz to provide an overview of Surveying and Cadastral management solutions, as well as the provision of technical expertise on the utilisation of ESRI's Cadastral Editor software as part of the Survey Analyst extension to ArcGIS Desktop.<br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a workshop on how to implement the Cadastral Editor software. gViz provides services in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor. Technical expertise was provided to Hornsby Shire Council on using the Cadastral Editor software and knowledge on cadastral management.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5321020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse5970151.097458333333-33.70040GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueCity of Wagga Wagga - Case Study<a href="http://www.wagga.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/wagga_logo.jpg" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dekho implementation and webmapping</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/Dekho.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">1 of the 3 Dekho internet applications for Wagga Council</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Wagga Wagga City Council, NSW's largest inland city, embarked on an extensive "Online Services Strategy" to reduce red tape for business and citizens an in doing so encourage economic development. The Online Service Strategy resulted in a number of "e" internet initiatives, one of which was for a comprehensive internet mapping system.<br> <br> The Council has a mature GIS capability including ESRI Australia's EView solution. When EView reached the end of its development lifecycle, a new solution was proposed to deliver the Internet Mapping System. This system was to be ESRI Australia's new web mapping solution, Dekho.<br> <br> The vision for Dekho is to provide a comprehensive internet mapping solution, providing multiple web mapping clients to meet a wide range of external users from casual mapping enquires, similar to Google Maps throughout Council's general website, through to more advanced e-commerce web mapping applications integrated to Councils other online service initiatives, and finally a feature rich web mapping application.<br> <br> gViz was engaged by Council to address key performance and architectural issues with the existing internet ArcGIS Server solution. ESRI Australia, was also used to install Dekho capabilities and provide generic Dekho training.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue4851020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse59749147.371433333333-35.10949722222220GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueNSW Department of Lands - Case Study<a href="http://www.lands.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/lands.GIF" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workflows</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">NSW Department of Lands has recognised the need to streamline the survey plan examination process and provide increased integrity in the plan examination process by automating once qualitative work performed by Plan Examiners.<br> <br> To use a COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) solution to assist in the automation where possible of the survey plan examination business process and in doing so provide an independent, transparent and automated process to validate survey plans and be the basis of electronic plan lodgment in NSW.<br> <br> It was decided that a COTS GIS solution was to be adopted, and the Department of Lands choose ESRI's Survey Analyst (Cadastral Editor) technology to be the foundation of the plan examination framework. The Department of Lands, engaged prime contractor Seaconis to develop a Cadastral Editor data model and Survey Plan examination tools. gViz has secondly been engaged to assist in the development of Cadastral Editor workflow processes and training documentation to support the use of the ESRI Cadastral Editor technology.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5531020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse5970151.213322222222-33.87010277777780GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueParramatta City Council - Case Study<a href="http://www.parracity.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/parramatta.gif" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial"style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">The vision for Council was to engage gViz to provide an overview of Surveying and Cadastral management issues, including a technical overview of ESRI's Cadastral Editor software as part of the Survey Analyst extension to ArcGIS Desktop.<br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a forum for implementing the Cadastral Editor software. gViz skills in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor, as well as technical proficiency in Cadastral Editor was provided as thought leadership during the Cadastral Editor Knowledge Transfer Workshop.<br> <br> Council now has a technical appreciation of the concepts needed to implement Cadastral Editor and then use the Cadastral Editor software to help manage Council's other Cadastral dependent layers, building integrity and confidence in Council's GIS.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5321020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse5970151.004938888889-33.81666944444450GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueWyong Shire Council - Case Study<a href="http://www.wyong.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/wyong.gif" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial"style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Wyong Shire Council have a familiar problem in Local Government or any Government organisation using GIS. How do they manage they improve the accuracy of the Cadastral GIS layers and maintain the relativity of other Council GIS layers with limited personnel? Council cadastre is one of the largest Australia, covering an area of 820 sq. km.<br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a forum for implementing the Cadastral Editor software. gViz skills in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor, as well as technical proficiency in Cadastral Editor was provided as thought leadership during the Cadastral Editor Knowledge Transfer Workshop.<br> <br> Council now has a technical appreciation of the concepts needed to implement Cadastral Editor and then use the Cadastral Editor software to help manage Council's other Cadastral dependent layers, building integrity and confidence in Council's GIS.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue8151020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse27649151.4239-33.28258611111110GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueGosford City Council - Case Study<a href="http://www.gosford.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gosford.bmp" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial"style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Gosford City Council have a familiar problem in Local Government or any Government organisation using GIS. How do they manage and improve the accuracy of the Cadastral GIS layers and maintain the relativity of other Council GIS layers with limited personnel?<br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a forum for implementing the Cadastral Editor software. gViz skills in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor, as well as technical proficiency in Cadastral Editor was provided as thought leadership during the Cadastral Editor Knowledge Transfer Workshop.<br> <br> Council now has a technical appreciation of the concepts needed to implement Cadastral Editor and then use the Cadastral Editor software to help manage Council's other Cadastral dependent layers, building integrity and confidence in Council's GIS.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5301020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse41849151.342127777778-33.42841111111110GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueNSW Maritime Authority - Case Study<center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial"style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">NSW Maritime have a familiar problem in State Government or any Government organisation using GIS. How do they manage and improve the accuracy of the Cadastral GIS layers and maintain the relativity of other GIS layers with limited personnel? <br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a forum for implementing the Cadastral Editor software. gViz skills in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor, as well as technical proficiency in Cadastral Editor was provided as thought leadership during the Cadastral Editor Knowledge Transfer Workshop.<br> <br> The Authority now has a technical appreciation of the concepts needed to implement Cadastral Editor and then use the Cadastral Editor software to help manage the Authority's cadastre and other Cadastral dependent layers, building integrity and confidence in the Authority's GIS.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5301014ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse41849151.182030555556-33.86894722222220GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueLeichhardt Municipal Council - Case Study<a href="http://www.leichhardt.nsw.gov.au/"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/leichhardt.gif" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial"style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Leichhardt Municipal Council have a familiar problem in Local Government or any Government organisation using GIS. How do they manage and improve the accuracy of the Cadastral GIS layers and maintain the relativity of other Council GIS layers with limited personnel? Council's cadastre is one of the most established cadastre's in Australia, sharing the western border of the City of Sydney. Council has maintained its own cadastre since 1997 and has developed capabilities to manage easements, leases and stratum lots.<br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a forum for implementing the Cadastral Editor software. gViz skills in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor, as well as technical proficiency in Cadastral Editor was provided as thought leadership during the Cadastral Editor Knowledge Transfer Workshop.<br> <br> The Council now has a technical appreciation of the concepts needed to implement Cadastral Editor and then use the Cadastral Editor software to help manage the Council's cadastre and other Cadastral dependent layers, building integrity and confidence in the Council's GIS.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5301020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse41849151.158063888889-33.88309444444440GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue PushpintruetrueSutherland Shire Council - Case Study<a href="http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/sutherland.gif" border="0" /></a><br> <br> <center><b><font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cadastral Editor Workshop</font></b></center><br> <img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/ce.JPG" border="0"><br> <i><font face = "Arial"style="font-size: 9pt;">gViz brings practical experience in Surveying, Local Government, clients (LG and State Gov) and ESRI technology to offer knowledge transfer workshops for Cadastral Editor</font></i><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Case Study</b></font><br> <br> <font face = "Arial" style="font-size: 9pt;">Sutherland Shire Council has a familiar problem in Local Government or any Government organisation using GIS. How do they manage and improve the accuracy of the Cadastral GIS layers and maintain the relativity of other Council GIS layers with limited personnel? Council's cadastre is one of the largest in NSW, covering an area of 370 sq. km and a population of 215,000.<br> <br> gViz provided an overview of the technical components of the Cadastral Editor software as well as associated data modelling issues and a forum for implementing the Cadastral Editor software. gViz skills in Surveying, Local Government, practical management of the Cadastre using COGO and Cadastral Editor, as well as technical proficiency in Cadastral Editor was provided as thought leadership during the Cadastral Editor Knowledge Transfer Workshop.<br> <br> The Council now has a technical appreciation of the concepts needed to implement Cadastral Editor and then use the Cadastral Editor software to help manage the Council's cadastre and other Cadastral dependent layers, building integrity and confidence in the Council's GIS.<br> <br> <b>gViz Professional Services - the affordable and easily engaged solution.</b><br> <hr><br> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.gviz.com.au"><img src="http://www.gviz.com.au/uploads/images/gviz_logo_lores.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <center><br> <a href="http://www.gviz.com.au/index.php?page=case-studies">More gViz Case Studies</a><br> <br> <center>&copy; gViz 2009. All rights reserved.</font></center>GoToXYtruetrue5761020ESRI.ArcGIS.E2API.GoToXYfalse4GoToXYTaskUIfalsefalse59749151.059836111111-34.03043888888890GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]true-180Blue Pushpintruetruetruefalse-1-1